Profession readiness amongst Saudi pharmacy college students

Introduction

Because the numbers of pharmacy graduates in Saudi Arabia (SA) improve, the proportion of Saudi pharmacists working within the authorities and personal well being care sectors within the nation additionally elevated from 22% in 2016 to 35.2% in 2020.¹ At the moment, the pharmacist density is 9 per 10000 inhabitants in SA in contrast with the worldwide common of 5.09.^1,2 Saudi Imaginative and prescient 2030 goals to advance well being care, broaden entry to medical providers, and digitize well being care providers,³ and these developments would require extra pharmacists to be employed sooner or later.

The job marketplace for Saudi pharmacists is extensive open. Alternatives embody working in hospital pharmacies, group pharmacies, or the pharmaceutical trade. The variety of Saudi pharmacists is predicted to extend much more quickly in response to the nation’s efforts to nationalize its personal sector manpower. The Saudi Meals and Drug Authority and Normal Group for Social Insurance coverage (GOSI) introduced the Saudization of all promotional jobs in pharmaceutical firms, factories, and associations in November 2018. This regulation entailed that each one vacancies have been to be occupied by Saudi pharmacists by the top of 2020.⁴ Equally, GOSI, with the cooperation of the Ministry of Well being, known as for the Saudization of fifty% of all pharmacy-related jobs by the third quarter of 2021.⁵ Resulting from these adjustments, group pharmacies, look like the employer within the personal sector with the best variety of job alternatives.^6,7 In accordance with Almaghaslah et al,⁸ 57% of Saudi pharmacists work in group pharmacies, a fee that seems to be transferring towards the overall sample worldwide, the place most pharmacists work in group pharmacies (75%).² Curiously, that is thought of to be the least favorable profession path for Saudi pharmacy graduates.⁷ This is likely to be attributed to graduates’ lack of profession readiness which is outlined because the attainment of the mandatory abilities and competencies that guarantee school graduates’ preparedness to enter the workforce efficiently.⁹

The Nationwide Affiliation of Schools and Employers (NACE) has outlined eight important competencies which are required by the labor market throughout all industries. These embody profession and self-development, communication, essential pondering, fairness and inclusion, management, professionalism, teamwork, and technological abilities.⁹ Employers throughout 9 industries, together with the pharmaceutical trade, rated their want for profession readiness competencies through the use of the NACE standards on a scale from 1 (not important) to five (completely important), essential pondering/problem-solving abilities, teamwork/collaboration, and professionalism/work ethic have been rated among the many topmost important competencies that employers search of their candidates.¹⁰ A number of research have discovered that school graduates lack key competencies demanded by employers, corresponding to communication abilities^11–13 and time administration abilities.¹³ The graduates of pharmacy packages are missing in communication abilities, the flexibility to use their technical data,¹¹ and professionalism.¹⁴

There’s a important hole between the abilities that the labor market requires and what college-educated youth really purchase within the typical training system throughout completely different majors.^11–14 It is very important be aware that 72% of younger Saudi residents search profession recommendation from their mates and households.¹⁵ One method really helpful to handle the mismatch between college students’ profession plans and the wants of the labor market is profession steerage providers.¹⁶ Almaghaslah and associates proposed profession steerage providers at Saudi pharmacy colleges as a doable technique to enhance college students’ consciousness of employment within the personal sector.⁷

The position of a profession counselor, per UNESCO, includes growing scholar consciousness of their traits, together with their values, pursuits, and talents; guiding them towards selecting a profession path that’s nicely suited to those traits; and offering them with useful assets on accessible profession choices.¹⁷ The position of a profession counselor could even be prolonged to helping college students as they develop fascinating job abilities, growing their employability, and aiding them as they navigate the job placement course of.¹⁸

Our examine explored the profession readiness of pharmacy college students in SA. Notably, it examined the provision of profession steerage providers for pharmacy college students and alumni in SA. Lastly, it investigated the impacts of such providers on recipients’ decisions of profession paths and on constructing their competencies for the market.

Supplies and Strategies

Research Design

This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based examine was performed from September 2021 to February 2022 to research profession readiness amongst pharmacy college students and graduates in SA. In accordance with the ministry of well being (MOH), as of 2020, the overall variety of pharmacy colleges in SA was 30, majority of which (n = 21, 70%) have been authorities colleges.¹ When it comes to which pharmacy program is awarded, 24 universities present PharmD packages whereas 11 universities present BPharm packages.¹⁹ The variety of enrolled college students in Saudi pharmacy colleges was 14,004 and 14,395 in 2018 and 2020, respectively.^8,20 Furthermore, we assessed the provision of profession steerage to pharmacy college students and up to date graduates and its impression on their degree of profession readiness.

Research Inhabitants

Our inclusion standards have been undergraduate college students in a PharmD or BPharm packages in SA. We included pharmacy college students of their fourth, fifth, and internship years, as nicely any college students who had acquired their diploma within the previous 12 months from commencement (ie, from Could 2020 to Could 2021), whether or not from authorities or from personal pharmacy colleges, together with employed pharmacists who had graduated inside the specified interval.

Moral Necessities

The Scientific Analysis Ethics Committee at Taif College accepted this examine (Approval No. 43-055). Knowledgeable consent was required earlier than any responses have been submitted. We saved responses to the questionnaire securely and restricted entry to the first investigators.

Information Assortment

We collected information utilizing a web-based questionnaire that the researchers created utilizing Google Varieties. We distributed the hyperlink to contributors utilizing confirmed e-mail addresses and social media platforms. We additionally contacted the deans of pharmacy faculties in SA by way of e-mail to request that they invite attending college students who met our inclusion standards to take part within the examine.

Questionnaire Growth

The questionnaire comprised 5 sections. The primary part [seven items] collected the demographic traits, together with gender, age, college identify, sort of college, sort of pharmacy program, GPA, and tutorial 12 months. The second part regarded the contributors’ perceptions of their profession readiness [five items], utilizing responses to gadgets on a five-point Likert scale that ranged from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” for elements of participant consciousness of all doable profession decisions after commencement, degree of confidence by which profession path to take after commencement, consciousness of what it takes to reach their chosen profession path, consciousness of their profession objectives, and consciousness of the significance of selecting a profession that’s consistent with their values and pursuits. The third part was centered on the provision of profession steerage [five items]; we requested contributors whether or not they had attended profession steerage classes, webinars, or programs and whether or not profession steerage providers have been accessible at their college or school. We additionally queried whether or not they had themselves reached out to a profession counselor for recommendation on the college or school degree. The fourth part involved the impression that profession steerage had on them [five items], utilizing the identical five-point Likert scale used above, starting from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”, with gadgets on the participant’s view of the careers and job alternatives accessible to them in pharmacy employment, their pursuits, values, profession objectives/path, consciousness of the alternatives accessible available in the market that match their pursuits/values/objectives, institution of the participant’s portfolio/CV, and constructing the abilities and competencies wanted for the contributors to reach their chosen profession paths. The fifth part contained an tailored model of the Work Readiness Scale (WRS)^21,22 and it measured the contributors’ perceived degree of labor readiness and measured work competence [six items], social intelligence [five items], private traits [five items], and organizational acumen [four items] on a five-point Likert scale, starting from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”.

Questionnaire Validation

The primary 4 sections of the questionnaire have been developed particularly for this examine. The fifth was tailored from a beforehand validated questionnaire with solely minor modifications.^21,22 On condition that the first language for the examine and apply of healthcare in SA is English, we administered the questionnaire in English and added an Arabic translation for optimum comprehension. A panel of 5 researchers on the Faculty of Pharmacy at Taif College reviewed the questionnaire for face and content material validity, consistency, readability, phrasing, relevance, and appropriateness for the native context. The revised questionnaire had a complete of 42 gadgets. After the questionnaire was reviewed, we performed a pilot examine to substantiate its suitability and relevance and that it may be administered with out difficulties.

Statistical Evaluation

The info have been analyzed descriptively utilizing frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. This included responses for consciousness about profession readiness necessities, availability of profession steerage providers, and the impression of profession steerage providers on contributors’ profession readiness. Responses for WRS have been handled as steady variables, and the typical scores have been computed for the contributors’ responses. An total ranking rating was calculated for every group of things that constituted one area. For this examine, a mean rating of ≥4 was thought of glorious, 3 to <4 was thought of good, 2 to <3 was thought of acceptable (ie, common), 1 to <2 was thought of poor, and <1 was thought of very poor. The general common scores of WRS 4 domains have been in contrast amongst counterparts by contributors’ gender, sort of college (authorities versus personal), Taif College versus different universities, and sort of program (BPharm versus PharmD) utilizing t-test. Comparisons by contributors’ age and 12 months of examine have been made utilizing One-way ANOVA. A p worth of <0.05 was thought of to be statistically important.

Outcomes

Participant Traits

Between September 2021 and February 2022, 576 pharmacy college students and up to date graduates from a variety of universities in SA participated on this examine. Barely greater than half (n = 321) of the contributors have been feminine, 97% (n = 559) had attended or graduated from public college, 88.4% (n = 509) have been finishing or had accomplished a PharmD diploma, 24.3% (n = 140) have been of their sixth 12 months, and 23.8% (n = 137) had graduated inside the previous 12 months. Desk 1 presents the demographic traits of the contributors.

Desk 1 Participant Traits

Contributors’ Consciousness Relating to Profession Readiness Necessities

Desk 2 exhibits ranges of consciousness among the many contributors in regards to the wants of the job market and their readiness. The very best degree of settlement was discovered for the assertion “I feel you will need to select a profession that’s consistent with my values and pursuits” (n = 337, 58.8%), and the bottom was discovered for the assertion “I’m assured of which profession path to take after commencement” (n = 55, 9.6%).

Desk 2 Contributors’ Consciousness Relating to Profession Readiness Necessities

Availability of Profession Steering Providers and Its Affect on Contributors’ Profession Readiness

Roughly 64% (n = 368) of the contributors had by no means attended profession steerage classes or webinars, whereas 57.6% (n = 332) or 52.3% (n = 301), respectively, confirmed that they lack data of the provision of profession steerage providers at their college and pharmacy school. Roughly 10.4% (n = 60) and 14.8% (n = 85) reported reaching out to a profession counselor service at their college and pharmacy school, respectively (Desk 3). About half of the contributors (n = 290, 50.7%) present disagreement for the impression of profession steerage providers on establishing their portfolio/CV (Desk 4).

Desk 3 Availability of Profession Steering Providers

Desk 4 Affect of Profession Steering Providers on Contributors’ Profession Readiness

Tailored Work Readiness Scale

For social intelligence, the very best scores have been reported in communication abilities, and contributors indicated that they communicated successfully with sufferers and colleagues (Imply ± SD, 3.89 ± 1.12). Contributors agreed on the significance of studying about a corporation earlier than working with it. This was reported in relation to organizational acumen (Imply ± SD, 4.35 ± 1.04). Amongst private traits, contributors scored the bottom once they have been requested whether or not they at all times really feel ready for surprising conditions (Imply ± SD, 3.45 ± 1.15). Relating to the work competence area, contributors scored the bottom once they have been requested whether or not they thought of themselves competent to use their data to the sector (Imply ± SD, 3.49 ± 1.10), as proven in Desk 5. When the general common scores of the 4 domains of WRS have been in contrast among the many counterparts by participant classes, few statistically important variations have been discovered. Underneath organizational acumen area, contributors from governmental universities scored greater than these from personal ones (Imply ± SD: 4.09 ± 0.88 versus 3.66 ± 0.95, p worth = 0.049). The common scores for private traits (Imply ± SD: 3.56 ± 0.88, 3.70 ± 0.93, and three.88 ± 0.85 for the 4th, fifth, and sixth years respectively, p worth = 0.035) and work competence (Imply ± SD: 3.56 ± 0.83, 3.66 ± 0.86, and three.89 ± 0.86 for the 4th, fifth and sixth years respectively, p worth = 0.007) elevated because the 12 months of examine elevated.

Desk 5 Work Readiness Scale (WRS)

Dialogue

This examine investigated profession readiness amongst pharmacy college students and recent graduates, availability of profession steerage providers, and perceived impression of their availability on college students’ chosen profession paths. Additional, the examine revealed that pharmacy college students and graduates believed that they’re conscious of their profession paths, and primarily based on their scores on the profession readiness scale, they demonstrated good-to-excellent profession readiness. We consider that our outcomes can be utilized successfully as baseline information to assist determine gaps in Saudi pharmacy packages that ought to obtain fast consideration from pharmacy educators as they search to construct the competency of their college students and graduates.

Curiously, roughly two-thirds of contributors had by no means attended profession steerage classes or webinars. Thus, readiness amongst college students is likely to be associated to help from their households and mates, one thing that’s nicely established in Saudi tradition and group, the place households and family take duty for elevating youth consciousness to some extent. The literature exhibits that 72% of younger Saudi residents search profession recommendation from their mates and households.¹⁵

The very best disagreements got in relation to the contributors’ consciousness of what

profession path to take after commencement and whether or not they had the real-world abilities wanted to succeed on their chosen paths. The mixing of profession {and professional} improvement programs into pharmacy packages and facilitating scholar–alumni networking, which have been efficient,^23,24 are usually not frequent practices in Saudi pharmacy colleges. One technique that was carried out to construct college students’ and graduates’ competence available in the market is the institution of profession steerage items. Nonetheless, regardless of the provision of those items at most Saudi universities, roughly two-thirds of pharmacy college students and recent graduates acknowledged that they’d by no means attended profession steerage classes, webinars, or programs whereas they have been college students. Furthermore, roughly 57.6% and 17% of them weren’t conscious of or confirmed the unavailability of such providers, respectively. Related outcomes have been recognized with respect to the provision of profession steerage providers on the school degree, the place 75% of contributors had confirmed both the lack of understanding of providers accessible or the unavailability of such providers. In the identical context, 89.6% and 85.2% stated that they’d by no means reached out to a profession counselor on the college and school degree, respectively. Moreover, the very best degree of disagreement was discovered with respect to the results of profession steerage on their data of accessible alternatives within the job market that match their private objectives and pursuits (46.4%), their CV/portfolio (50.7%), and attaining the abilities that will be required (48.8%). Moosa et al reported comparable findings amongst college students attending Dar Al Hekma Faculty in SA, the place 46.7% of respondents weren’t conscious of the provision of the profession steerage providers at their establishment. Amongst those that have been conscious, 76% indicated that they’d by no means used the providers. Lack of know-how relating to the provision of the providers was ranked first amongst causes for not using the providers, adopted by lack of time.²⁵ Nonetheless, two of the constraints of the examine performed by Moosa et al have been its small pattern dimension and the restricted capacity to check the outcomes with ours, as its examine completely different inhabitants than ours. In contrast, a examine from the USA carried out by Ives et al reported favorable findings amongst college students and graduates from the College of Michigan, the place 76.8% reported satisfaction with their entry to profession improvement providers.²³ Our discovering emphasizes the significance of growing a correct promoting technique on the institutional degree to mitigate the hole between the provision of providers and true utilization by the focused beneficiaries. One technique proposed within the literature which may assist in enhancing consciousness concerning the availability of profession steerage providers is automating profession counseling to allow college students to obtain entry to requested profession steerage with the flexibility to ask nameless questions upon admission to a school. Additionally it is essential to broaden providers to incorporate further casual and engaging actions. Examples embody implementing a job board, etiquette dinner, or skilled abilities day and introducing the idea of profession {and professional} improvement into the curriculum in the course of the early years of the pharmacy packages and offering networking alternatives with alumni. Common suggestions from college students and graduates ought to be sought to evaluate the success of those measures and determine obstacles to implementation.²³

We assessed work readiness with the WRS, which incorporates 4 domains, particularly, social intelligence, organizational acumen, private traits, and work competence. Amongst these, organizational acumen acquired the very best total rating and social intelligence acquired the bottom (in descending order, the teams have been organizational acumen, work competence, private traits, and social intelligence). Nonetheless, participant efficiency might be thought of enough, even within the least scored area. In contrast, in a examine performed by Abuhussain et al, the contributors ranked work competence and social intelligence the very best, adopted by organizational acumen and private traits.²⁶ A bonus of our examine was that we integrated the WRS into our survey, along with the opposite gadgets that assessed the provision of profession steerage providers and the perceived impression of such providers on recipients’ profession path decisions and on constructing their competencies for the market. One other distinction was that Abuhussain et al included the next proportion of graduates who would possibly have already got had some work expertise, whereas most contributors in our examine have been college students (ie, solely 23.7% of the contributors have been new graduates). Therefore, our examine outcomes possible mirror work readiness amongst pharmacy college students. Furthermore, we included college students ranging from the fourth 12 months, which we consider gives deeper perception for investigating profession consciousness in pharmacy college students.

Strengths and Limitations of the Current Research

The examine’s strengths embody a major illustration of the examine inhabitants as a result of we included pharmacy college students from the fourth 12 months to the internship 12 months, together with recent graduates as nicely to attain additional perception into the contributors’ notion of their readiness for the job market per tutorial 12 months. It will facilitate the creation of a extra tailor-made profession steerage service that accounts for its beneficiaries’ tutorial standing in figuring out the optimum implementation and timing, in addition to the suitable sort of profession consciousness initiative. The examine included contributors from all cities of SA. Furthermore, all contributors accomplished all gadgets of the questionnaire.

Nonetheless, this examine had a number of limitations. The contributors could have overestimated their work readiness, which may very well be attributed to social desirability bias, such that there’s a tendency to overreport constructive behaviors relative to damaging ones. We seen a low fee of participation amongst college students and graduates of personal colleges and amongst people from the southern and northern components of SA. Moreover, the examine investigated profession consciousness and readiness from the scholars’ views solely, with out contemplating employers’ or preceptors’ views, that are extremely essential for making certain an goal estimate of profession readiness. Nonetheless, the examine was capable of determine a spot in pharmacy training, providing the chance to design a extra focused, systemic intervention to supply components at the moment lacking in curricula.

Conclusion

Regardless of the provision of profession steerage items at most Saudi pharmacy colleges, Saudi pharmacy college students and graduates lack data of the provision of such providers; therefore, their entry to them is proscribed, leaving them deprived as a result of they miss alternatives to realize the entire skillsets required within the quickly altering Saudi job market. Elevated consciousness of this challenge will create the chance for leaders in pharmacy training to take correct measures to promote the provision of those providers at their establishments. Future research ought to proceed to research profession readiness amongst pharmacy college students and graduates utilizing the NACE competencies. Work incorporating preceptors’ and employers’ views helps determine gaps in curricula to attenuate the mismatch between college students’ profession plans and their skillsets at pharmacy colleges.

Information Sharing Assertion

The uncooked information supporting the conclusions of this article will be made accessible by authors, with out undue reservation.

Consent for Publication

Contributors have been knowledgeable by way of the participant info sheet that they agreed to take part within the examine and provided their consent to using their anonymized information in publications.

Acknowledgments

The authors like to specific their gratitude to Taif College for offering technical help for this examine.

Writer Contributions

All authors made a major contribution to the work reported, together with conception, examine design, execution, information acquisition, evaluation, and interpretation; they took half in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article and supplied their closing approval of the model to be revealed. Additional, all authors agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted and accepted duty for all elements of the work.

Funding

This analysis acquired no particular grant from any funding company within the public, business, or not-for-profit sectors.

Disclosure

The authors declare that the analysis was performed within the absence of any business or monetary relationships that may very well be construed as a possible battle of curiosity.

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